Altruist, egoist or competitor: The level of social values orientation among Czech adult society
https://doi.org/10.26907/esd.20.2.03
EDN: IKUVMY
Abstract
Social value orientation refers to a pattern of behavior individuals exhibit based on their preferences and interests. The Social Value Orientation (SVO) questionnaire categorizes respondents into four groups: egoists, altruists, competitors, and undetermined. This study aimed to identify variables that may affect the stability of the SVO questionnaire and lead to variations in behavioral patterns. Data collection was conducted using a Google questionnaire on a sample of Czech adults (N = 183; 114 women, 69 men). The translated version of the SVO questionnaire demonstrated high reliability, with a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.95. Content validity was confirmed through expert evaluation of the research tool. Significant effects were observed for variables such as status (student/ non-student), perceived attractiveness, and self-perception of power on respondents' social value orientation. These findings are discussed in detail in the conclusion section of the study.
About the Authors
M. KubiatkoCzech Republic
Milan Kubiatko
Usti nad Labem
E. Jozifkova
Czech Republic
Eva Jozifkova
Usti nad Labem
J. Ipser
Czech Republic
Jan Ipser
Usti nad Labem
References
1. Antonio, A. L. (2001). Diversity and the influence of friendship groups in college. The Review of Higher Education, 25(1), 63–89. https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2001.0013
2. Bhogal, M. S., Galbraith, N., & Manktelow, K. (2017). Physical attractiveness, altruism and cooperation in an ultimatum game. Current Psychology, 36, 549–555. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9443-1
3. Bunce, D. M., Flens, E. A., & Neiles, K. Y. (2010). How long can students pay attention in class? A study of student attention decline using clickers. Journal of Chemical Education, 87(12), 1438– 1443. https://doi.org/10.1021/ed100409p
4. Caldwell, N. D., Roehrich, J. K., & George, G. (2017). Social value creation and relational coordination in public‐private collaborations. Journal of Management Studies, 54(6), 906–928. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12268
5. Cheng, M. Y., & Wang, L. (2015). The mediating effect of ethical climate on the relationship between paternalistic leadership and team identification: A team-level analysis in the Chinese context. Journal of Business Ethics, 129, 639–654. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2189-5
6. Declerck, C. H., & Bogaert, S. (2008). Social value orientation: related to empathy and the ability to read the mind in the eyes. The Journal of Social Psychology, 148(6), 711–726. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.148.6.711-726
7. Derks, J., Lee, N. C., & Krabbendam, L. (2014). Adolescent trust and trustworthiness: Role of gender and social value orientation. Journal of Adolescence, 37(8), 1379–1386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.09.014
8. Ercan, I., Yazici, B., Sigirli, D., Ediz, B., & Kan, I. (2007). Examining Cronbach alpha, theta, omega reliability coefficients according to sample size. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, 6(1), 291–303. https://doi.org/10.22237/jmasm/1177993560
9. Grosch, K., & Rau, H. A. (2017). Gender differences in honesty: The role of social value orientation. Journal of Economic Psychology, 62, 258–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2017.07.008
10. Hall, D. T., Yip, J., & Doiron, K. (2018). Protean careers at work: Self-direction and values orientation in psychological Success. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 5(1), 129–156. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104631
11. Horak, S. (2016). Decision-making behavior, gender differences, and cultural context variables. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 16(3), 281–299. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470595816665131
12. Iacobucci, D., & Duhachek, A. (2003). Advancing Alpha: Measuring reliability with confidence. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 13(4), 478–487. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327663JCP1304_14
13. Lerner, J., & Malmendier, U. (2013). With a little help from my (random) friends: Success and failure in post-business school entrepreneurship. The Review of Financial Studies, 26(10), 2411–2452. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hht024
14. Malkewitz, C. P., Schwall, P., Meesters, C., & Hardt, J. (2023). Estimating reliability: A comparison of Cronbach's α, McDonald's ωt and the greatest lower bound. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 7(1), 100368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2022.100368
15. Messick, D. M., & McClintock, C. G. (1968). Motivational bases of choice in experimental games. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 4(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(68)90046-2
16. Mieth, L., Buchner, A., & Bell, R. (2017). Effects of gender on costly punishment. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 30(4), 899–912. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.2012
17. Moon, C., Travaglino, G. A., & Uskul, A. K. (2018). Social value orientation and endorsement of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism: An exploratory study comparing individuals from North America and South Korea. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2262. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02262
18. Nevo, B. (1985). Face validity revisited. Journal of Educational Measurement, 22(4), 287–293. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3984.1985.tb01065.x
19. Norman, I., & Fleming, P. (2019). Perceived attractiveness of two types of altruist. Current Psychology, 38, 982–990. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00266-1
20. Nowacka, A., Smuczyński, W., Woźniak-Dąbrowska, K., & Lewko, D. (2021). Altruistic and egoistic behaviors in interpersonal interactions. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 11(1), 40–46. https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2021.11.01.004
21. Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric Theory (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill. Peker, M., Booth, R. W., & Eke, A. (2018). Relationships among self‐construal, gender, social dominance orientation, and interpersonal distance. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 48(9), 494–505. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12529
22. Pham, M. N., Shackelford, T. K., Holden, C. J., Zeigler-Hill, V., Hummel, A., & Memering, S. L. (2014). Partner attractiveness moderates the relationship between number of sexual rivals and in-pair copulation frequency in humans (Homo sapiens). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 128(3), 328–331. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036602
23. Sattler, D. N., & Kerr, N. L. (1991). Might versus morality explored: Motivational and cognitive bases for social motives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(5), 756–765. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.5.756
24. Sireci, S., & Faulkner-Bond, M. (2014). Validity evidence based on test content. Psicothema, 26(1), 100–107. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2013.256
25. Sugiura, H., Mifune, N., Tsuboi, S., & Yokota, K. (2017). Gender differences in intergroup conflict: The effect of outgroup threat priming on social dominance orientation. Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 262–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.08.013
26. Taber, K. S. (2018). The use of Cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Research in Science Education, 48, 1273–1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2
27. Tinghög, G., Andersson, D., Bonn, C., Johannesson, M., Kirchler, M., Koppel, L., & Västfjäll, D. (2016). Intuition and moral decision-making – the effect of time pressure and cognitive load on moral judgment and altruistic behavior. PloS ONE, 11(10), e0164012. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0164012
28. Van Lange, P. A. M. (1999). The pursuit of joint outcomes and equality in outcomes: An integrative model of social value orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(2), 337–349. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.2.337
29. Van Lange, P. A. M., & Kuhlman, D. M. (1994). Social value orientations and impressions of partner's honesty and intelligence: A test of the might versus morality effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(1), 126–141. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.1.126
30. Wang, W., Cao, D., & Ameen, N. (2023). Understanding customer satisfaction of augmented reality in retail: a human value orientation and consumption value perspective. Information Technology & People, 36(6), 2211–2233. https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-04-2021-0293
31. Zhang, Z., & Yuan, K. H. (2016). Robust coefficients alpha and omega and confidence intervals with outlying observations and missing data: Methods and software. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 76(3), 387–411. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164415594658
32. Zheng, X., Wang, Z., Chen, H., & Xie, F. (2021). The relationship between self-esteem and internet altruistic behavior: The mediating effect of online social support and its gender differences. Personality and Individual Differences, 172, 110588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110588
Review
For citations:
Kubiatko M., Jozifkova E., Ipser J. Altruist, egoist or competitor: The level of social values orientation among Czech adult society. Title. 2025;20(2):23-32. https://doi.org/10.26907/esd.20.2.03. EDN: IKUVMY